Sexually Transmitted STDs & STIs
STD Information – It is essential that you know if you carry a sexually transmitted disease. You can carry an STD and show no symptoms, and can contract one without engaging in intercourse.
Take charge of your sex life, and help stop the spread of STDs by knowing your status.
There are an estimated 20 million new sexually transmitted diseases and infections every year, and half of all Americans will contract a sexually transmitted disease (STD) during their lifetime.
Regular STD testing can help prevent unintended transmissions, and early diagnosis can greatly improve treatment options and avoid problems associated with a full-blown infection.
Most of the time, STD screening is not a routine part of health care. Laboratory tests can identify the cause and detect coinfections you might also have contracted.
About half of people with HIV get flu-like symptoms about 3 to 6 weeks after becoming infected. If you have HIV, it dramatically raises your risk of catching other STIs.
Experts recommend that these people should be tested more frequently for syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, and hepatitis B. Some experts also recommend regular HPV screening of HIV-infected men who risk anal cancer from HPV contracted anally.
You can’t tell if a person is infected because many STIs have no symptoms. But STIs can still be passed from person to person even if there are no symptoms.
Not all STIs are spread the same way. STIs are spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex or during genital touching. So it’s possible to get some STIs without having intercourse.
Untreated STIs can cause different health problems including cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, pregnancy problems, widespread infection to other parts of the body, organ damage, and even death.
Experts recommend that women should have a Pap test at least every three years. The Pap test screens for cervical abnormalities, including inflammation and cancer, which are often caused by certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Women with HIV may develop aggressive cervical cancer, so they should have Pap tests twice a year to screen for HPV.
STD Testing kit
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STD Questions & Answers
How is STD caused?
STD is an infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
What are the most common types of STDs
Human papillomavirus infection
An infection that causes warts in various parts of the body, depending on the strain.
Genital herpes
A common sexually transmitted infection is marked by genital pain and sores.
Chlamydia
A common, sexually transmitted infection that may not cause symptoms.
Gonorrhea
A sexually transmitted bacterial infection that, if untreated, may cause infertility.
HIV/AIDS
HIV causes AIDS and interferes with the body’s ability to fight infections.
Syphilis
A bacterial infection is usually spread by sexual contact that starts as a painless sore.
Which STD to get tested for?
If you’ve had unprotected sex, have a new partner (or more than one partner), or for any reason are worried you have been exposed to an STI, talk to your healthcare provider about getting tested. Be tested for these leading common STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, herpes, HPV, syphilis, and trichomoniasis.
How does a guy get tested for STD?
To test for STDs, your health care provider needs samples from your body. They can come from your mouth, from the tip of the penis during a urethral swab test, from vaginal fluids, from urine, or from blood.
When is the best time to test for STDs?
If you have had unprotected sexual contact, doctors recommend testing 3 weeks after initial exposure, and again 3 months after to confirm your initial diagnosis. This is the best way to ensure you test at the right time because different sexually transmitted infections become detectable at different times.
How much does it cost to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases?
Prices depend on what tests you select. The 10-Test Panel includes HIV 1 & 2, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, hepatitis A, hepatitis B & hepatitis C, and herpes 1 & 2.
Also on offer are individual tests in case you are concerned about a single infection, or if you are retesting to see if an existing infection has been cleared after treatment.
How long does it take before you know you have an STD?
When symptoms do appear they may show up as early as two days after exposure, or take as long as one month. The chancre characteristic of the first stage of syphilis appears, on average, twenty-one days after infection, but may appear anytime between 10 to 90 days after exposure to the bacterium.
Do they test for STDs during a Pap smear?
Certain types of Pap smear may include HPV testing on the sample that is taken from your cervix. Pap smears do not test for the diseases that should be screened for regularly in sexually active adults such as Chlamydia and Gonorrhea.
How long does it take for an STD to show up on a test?
Chlamydia – 24 Hours — 5 Days
Gonorrhea — 2-6 Days
Syphilis — 3-6 Weeks
Hepatitis A (HAV) — 2-7 Weeks
Hepatitis B (HBV) — 6 Weeks
Hepatitis C (HCV) — 8-9 Weeks
Oral Herpes (HSV-1/Herpes I) — 4-6 Weeks
Genital Herpes (HSV-2/Herpes II) — 4-6 Weeks
HIV (HIV Antibody Test Method) — 1-3 Months
HIV (HIV RNA Test for early detection) — 9-11 Days
What are the different STDs symptoms?
Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
Sores or warts on the genital area
Painful or frequent urination
Itching and redness in the genital area
Blisters or sores in or around the mouth
Abnormal vaginal odor
Anal itching, soreness, or bleeding
Abdominal pain
Fever
Are there STDs with no symptoms?
Chlamydia is the most commonly reported STD in the U.S. It’s spread mostly by vaginal or anal sex, but you can get it through oral sex, too. Sometimes you’ll notice an odd discharge from your vagina or penis, or pain or burning when you pee. But only about 25% of women and 50% of men get symptoms.
What are the symptoms of STI?
Many STIs have no signs or symptoms in the majority of people infected. Or they have mild signs that can be easily overlooked. The only way to know if you have an STI is to get tested.
How do you get tested for STDs?
Provide a urine or blood sample and you are done.
What STD can be found in a blood test?
A small blood sample is all an STD testing center requires for STDs like herpes, hepatitis, HIV, and syphilis.
What STD can be found in a urine test?
To test for chlamydia and gonorrhea, for instance, all that is required is a urine sample.
What is included in a full STD panel?
The all-inclusive STD 10-Test Panel includes HIV 1 & 2, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, hepatitis A, hepatitis B & hepatitis C, and herpes 1 & 2.
This all-inclusive STD testing panel has been carefully designed by physicians to provide you with complete peace of mind.
How accurate is a urine test for STDs?
The most common way to get false negative chlamydia and gonorrhea tests would be from testing too soon after you had sex or by urinating too soon if testing with the urine test. With gonorrhea, most results are accurate after 7 days. With chlamydia, most results are accurate after 2 weeks but it can take up to 6 weeks.
How often do you get tested for STDs?
Screening at least once a year for syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea for all sexually active gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). MSM who have multiple or anonymous partners should be screened more frequently for STDs (e.g., at 3-to-6 month intervals).
How do you get tested for STI?
Depending on your symptoms, the doctor may:
Check your genitals visually
Touch your penis and testicles to check for discharge, pain, or sores
Take a swab from your urethra (the opening of the penis)
Take a swab from a lesion or sore
Ask for a urine sample
Take a blood test
What does it mean to be negative for STD?
A nonreactive result means HIV negative. A reactive result means HIV positive. Indeterminate results mean the test results were unclear and need another test.
Can an STI be cured?
Gonorrhea and chlamydia are bacterial STDs/STIs that can be treated with antibiotics given either orally or by injection. Because the infections often occur together, people who have one infection are typically treated for both by their health care provider. Recent sexual partners should be treated at the same time.
What are the most common sexually transmitted diseases?
* Chlamydia
* Gonorrhea
* Genital Herpes
* Hepatitis B
* HIV/AIDS
* Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
* Syphilis
* Bacterial Vaginosis
* Trichomoniasis
How do you get sexually transmitted infections?
Many STIs are spread through contact with infected body fluids such as blood, vaginal fluids, or semen. They can also be spread through contact with infected skin or mucous membranes, such as sores in the mouth. You may be exposed to infected body fluids and skin through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
Is an STD curable?
Among the treatable ones, the most common types of STDs include chlamydia, genital warts, genital herpes, and gonorrhea, but also hepatitis B& C, syphilis, and HIV among the incurable or very severe ones. The sooner your infection is diagnosed, the better are your chances of getting it treated and cured.
What STD can cause itching?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea all can cause vaginal/vulvar itching and irritation, and other symptoms. Yeast infection (vaginal candidiasis). About three out of every four women will develop a yeast infection at some point in their lives.
What does a urethral swab test for?
STI testing is done by taking swabs and collecting body fluids. Testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea is done with a urine sample, and/or a swab of your genitals, throat, or anus. Testing for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis is done with a blood sample.
How is an STD test performed on a male or female?
To test for STDs, your health care provider needs samples from your body. They can come from your mouth, from the tip of the penis during a urethral swab test, from vaginal fluids, from urine, or from blood.
What can be found in a urine sample?
Urinalysis is a set of screening tests that can detect some common diseases. It may be used to screen for and/or help diagnose conditions such as urinary tract infections, kidney disorders, liver problems, diabetes, or other metabolic conditions, to name a few.
How long does it take to get the results of an STD test?
At STD centers it usually takes 1 to 2 days to get the results. Sometimes the tests done from the swabs are not cultures but are genetic tests. The newest test is done with a urine sample rather than swabs. It can check for gonorrhea and chlamydia.
How does a man get tested for STDs?
Chlamydia and gonorrhea screening is done either through a urine test or through a swab inside the penis in men or from the cervix in women. The sample is then analyzed in a laboratory. Screening is important because if you don’t have signs or symptoms, you can be unaware that you have either infection.
How long does it take for an STD to show up?
When symptoms do appear they may show up as early as two days after exposure, or take as long as one month. The chancre characteristic of the first stage of syphilis appears, on average, twenty-one days after infection, but may appear anytime between 10 to 90 days after exposure to the bacterium.
STD tests are covered by insurance?
Depending on how are comprehensive your insurance coverage is, visiting your doctor for STD treatment and testing can be quite expensive. You might have a co-pay. Not all insurance companies will pay for it if you don’t have symptoms.
What happens when you get an STI test?
Testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea usually requires only a urine sample or a self-taken swab for a woman. Testing for HIV and syphilis needs a blood sample. Tests for herpes aren’t usually done unless you have sores on your genitals or anus. In this case, a swab will be taken from a sore.
What does it mean if a reference range is negative?
A negative test result means that the substance or condition being tested for was not found. A positive test result means that the substance or condition being tested for was found. Positive test results also can mean that the amount of a substance being tested for is higher or lower than normal.
What does it mean not detected?
A negative test result means that HIV antibodies were not detected in your blood at the time of testing.
Which STDs are curable and which are not?
Bacterial STDs such as chlamydia and gonorrhea can be cured with antibiotics if treatment begins early enough. Viral STDs cannot be cured, but you can manage symptoms with medications. There is a vaccine against hepatitis B, but it will not help if you already have the disease.
How long does it take for an STD to go away?
It can lead to infertility if left untreated. Chlamydia is usually treated with antibiotics, some of which can be taken for one day, others for 7 to 10 days. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is treated with either a single injection or antibiotics for 7 to 10 days.
What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the US?
CDC’s analyses included eight common STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), syphilis, and trichomoniasis.
How easy is it to get an STI?
The germs that cause STDs, hide in semen, blood, vaginal secretions, and sometimes saliva. Most of the organisms are spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex, but some, such as those that cause genital herpes and genital warts, may be spread through skin contact.
Which STDs are blood-borne?
There are many different bloodborne pathogens including malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis, but Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are the three diseases specifically addressed by the bloodborne pathogens standard.
What STD has no symptoms?
While they are two different diseases, chlamydia and gonorrhea are commonly diagnosed together, and the mild symptoms (if they ever show up) are similar: breakthrough bleeding, vaginal discharge, burning, and pain that can easily be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection.
Do sexually transmitted diseases go away?
Other STDs such as HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis can cause general body infections. Sometimes you can have an STD with no signs or symptoms. Other times, the symptoms go away on their own. A few STDs cannot be cured, but most STDs can be cured if you get treated.
What causes feminine itch?
Vaginal itching is an uncomfortable and sometimes painful symptom that often occurs due to irritating substances, infections, or menopause. It may also occur as a result of certain skin disorders or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In rare cases, vaginal itching might develop due to stress or vulvar cancer.
What is an STD test?
An STD test will test you for sexual diseases. There are different tests for different sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The kind of test a person gets will depend on the type of STD, symptoms (like sores, discharge, or pain), and his or her medical and sexual history.
Do primary care physicians do STD testing?
Some blood tests are easily performed by any doctor, but other urine and swab tests require skills or expertise that they may not all have. If you’re looking for STD testing because you have symptoms, your best bet is a gynecologist, urologist, or primary care physician.
How long does it take for STI test results to come back?
STD test center test results normally take about 1 to 2 days. If your result is positive, sexual partners also need to be tested and treated. This is called contact tracing.
What are STI screening tests?
Many STIs have no signs or symptoms in the majority of people infected. Or they have mild signs that can be easily overlooked. This is why the term “disease” (as in STD) is starting to be replaced by infection (or STI). The only way to know if you have an STI is to get tested.
How long does it take to get results from a urine test?
Labs generally report blood test results as quickly as they report urine test results. For most labs, that means results are available 24 hours after the specimen is tested, or 48 hours or more when the specimen must be delivered to a lab. Positive results add three or more days to the turnaround time.
What are the symptoms of STDs for males?
Not all STDs have symptoms, but when they occur in men, they can include:
Pain or burning during urination
A need to urinate more frequently
Pain during ejaculation
Abnormal discharge from the penis, particularly colored or foul-smelling discharge
Bumps, blisters, or sores on the penis or genitals
What are the common symptoms of STDs for Women?
No symptoms
Discharge (thick or thin, milky white, yellow, or green leakage from the vagina)
Vaginal itching
Vaginal blisters or blisters in the genital area (the region covered by underwear)
Vaginal rash or rash in the genital area
Burning urination
Painful urination
How do they test for STDs?
Testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea usually requires only a urine sample or a self-taken swab for a woman. Testing for HIV and syphilis needs a blood sample. Tests for herpes aren’t usually done unless you have sores on your genitals or anus. In this case, a swab will be taken from a sore.
Which type of STD Cannot be cured?
STDs caused by viruses can be controlled, but not cured. If you get a viral STD, you will always have it. Some viral STDs include HIV/AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus, and cytomegalovirus.
How many Americans have a sexually transmitted disease?
About 50.5 million current infections are in men while 59.5 million are in women, for a total of 110 million Americans with STDs at any given time. Fifty percent of new infections occur in young people from ages 15-24 and gonorrhea is the most commonly reported STD in that age group.
How common is an STD?
The eight most common STDs in the U.S. are chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B virus (HBV), genital herpes, HIV, human papillomavirus (HPV), syphilis, and trichomoniasis. The most current data estimates that about 1.8 million people have chlamydia,
Which STDs are permanent?
Viruses such as HIV, genital herpes, human papillomavirus, hepatitis, and cytomegalovirus cause STDs/STIs that cannot be cured. People with an STD/STI caused by a virus will be infected for life and will always be at risk of infecting their sexual partners, although for many viruses treatment significantly reduces this risk.
Which STD is curable?
Treatments are available to cure STDs/STIs caused by bacteria, yeast, or parasites.
Bacteria, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
Yeasts and protozoan parasites, such as Trichomonas vaginalis or insects such as crab lice or scabies mites, cause STDs/STIs.
Herpes and HIV: These are the only two viral STIs that are always chronic.
HPV: Those who are infected with high-risk (cancer-causing) HPV types and do not clear their infection quickly are at risk for persistent infection. There is no cure for persistent HPV.
Hepatitis B: Most adults who are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) recover from their infections, the rest develop chronic infections.
How do they test for STDs?
Testing for chlamydia and gonorrhea usually requires only a urine sample or a self-taken swab for a woman. Testing for HIV and syphilis needs a blood sample. Tests for herpes aren’t usually done unless you have sores on your genitals or anus. In this case, a swab will be taken from a sore.
What is required before or after an STD test?
It depends on the type of test you are taking. If you are taking a blood test for STDs such as HIV, syphilis, hepatitis A, B & C, oral herpes, or genital herpes, then no preparation is required before the test. If you are taking a test that requires a urine sample, like chlamydia or gonorrhea, do not urinate for at least one hour prior to testing.
How long is the STD center visit?
Testing for STDs at the STD center usually takes 5 minutes. When you walk into any of the test centers, the technicians will ask for your Lab Requisition Form or confidential test code, which tells them what samples to collect. There is no wait time to get tested and no paperwork to complete.
What do I need to bring to the test center for my test?
You are not required to bring anything to the test center other than your lab requisition form or confidential test code that you will receive via email after you place your order. To complete the test, only a blood or urine sample is required. These samples will be collected when you arrive at the test center. Your results will be available in 1-2 days.
How many blood-borne diseases are there?
There are many different bloodborne pathogens including malaria, syphilis, and brucellosis, but Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are the three diseases specifically addressed by the bloodborne pathogens standard.
What are the main blood-borne viruses?
A blood-borne disease is one that can be spread through contamination by blood and other body fluids. The most common examples are HIV, hepatitis B, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
What happens if you do not treat an STD?
Some of the possible consequences of choosing not to get tested for STDs. If left untreated, normally curable diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and bacterial vaginosis can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease in women and infertility in both women and men.
How long does it take to recover from STD?
It can lead to infertility if left untreated. Chlamydia is usually treated with antibiotics, some of which can be taken for one day, others for 7 to 10 days. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea. Gonorrhea is treated with either a single injection or antibiotics for 7 to 10 days.
Why do I have a burning sensation in my Vagina?
Besides itching, other symptoms that come with bacterial vaginosis are inflammation, burning, discharge, and a fishy-smelling odor. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, trichomoniasis, and gonorrhea all can cause vaginal/vulvar itching and irritation, and other symptoms.
Can you get tested for an STD while on your period?
For STI tests that require swabs, it is best if you are not on your period. A Pap test is not the same thing as an STI check.
What Stds can be tested with a swab?
- Chlamydia: Swab of genital area or urine sample.
- Gonorrhea: Swab of genital area or urine sample.
- HIV: Blood test or swab from inside of the mouth.
- Genital herpes (with symptoms): Swab of the affected area; if at first negative for herpes, follow later with a blood test to make sure.
- Trichomoniasis: Swab of the infected area, physical exam or sample of discharge.
Can you get an STD test from your doctor?
Most doctors are willing to screen you for STDs if you ask them and explain why it is important to you. However, some doctors are really bad about screening. They may not think testing is important. They may not know that certain screening tests, like those for genital herpes, exist.
What is the full meaning of STD?
STDs are sexually transmitted diseases. This means they are most often but not exclusively spread by sexual intercourse. HIV, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, some forms of hepatitis, syphilis, and trichomoniasis are STDs. STDs used to be called venereal diseases or VD.
How long does it take to see if you have an STD?
When symptoms do appear they may show up as early as two days after exposure, or take as long as one month. Syphilis: The chancre characteristic of the first stage of syphilis appears, on average, twenty-one days after infection, but may appear anytime between 10 to 90 days after exposure to the bacterium.
What antibiotics are used to treat sexually transmitted diseases?
Chlamydia, azithromycin or doxycycline
Gonorrhea: Ciprofloxacin, Rocephin, Suprax, Tarivid, Zithromax
Syphilis: Doxycycline, Erymax, Erythrocin, Erythroped, Tiloryth
How many different types of STDs are there?
There are more than 20 types, affecting more than 13 million men and women in the United States each year. Some of the most common STDs include chlamydia infection, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
What happens when you get tested for STDs?
To test for STDs, your health care provider needs samples from your body. They can come from your mouth, from the tip of the penis during a urethral swab test, from vaginal fluids, from urine, or from blood.
How long do you have to wait to get tested for STDs?
Once you place your order, you can visit any of the nationwide testing centers without an appointment, even on the same day of your purchase. Your results are delivered to you and no one else – nothing is reported to your insurance or placed on your medical records. Find the test center near you here.
Can Cipro treat STDs?
Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat gonorrhea and many other different bacterial infections. Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection of the genitals usually, but it can also affect the anus, mouth, throat, or eyes.
How long does it take to get blood test results?
Depending on the test performed, most tests are completed and reported to your ordering healthcare provider within about 24 hours of receiving the sample for testing. Certain tests take several days to weeks. Results are sent directly to the ordering healthcare professional.
STD Information
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that you can get from having sex with someone who has the infection. The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites, and viruses.
There are more than 20 types of STDs, the most common of which include chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes simplex, HIV/AIDS, HPV, syphilis, and trichomoniasis.
STDs affect men and women. In many cases, the health problems they cause can be more severe for women.
STDs caused by bacteria can be treated and often cured with antibiotics. Some bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis.
STDs caused by viruses can be controlled, but not cured. If you get a viral STD, you will always have it. Some viral STDs include HIV/AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus, and cytomegalovirus.
When diagnosed and treated early, many STDs can be treated effectively. Some infections have become resistant to the medicines used to treat them and now require newer types of treatments.
Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces but does not completely get rid of the risk of catching or spreading STDs.
Approximately 19 million new infections occur each year, almost half of young people ages 15 to 24.
STD Diagnosis
Talk with your doctor or nurse about getting tested for STDs. She or he can tell you how to test for each STD.
An exam will include a thorough look at your genital area, oral cavity, and rectum. Swabs from open sores or discharges may be taken. Women will have a pelvic exam. You will also have urine and blood tests.
Many symptoms of STDs come and go. Just because your symptoms disappear, it does not mean you are cured without medical treatment.
STD Treatment
The treatment depends on the type of STD. For some STDs, treatment may involve taking drugs or getting a shot. For other STDs that can’t be cured, like herpes, there is a treatment to relieve the symptoms.
STD Prevention
The only way to ensure that you won’t get infected is to not have sex. This means avoiding all types of intimate sexual contact. If you are sexually active, you can reduce your risk of getting STDs by practicing safe sex.
-Using a condom for vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse every time
-Knowing your partner and his/her STD status and health
-Have regular medical check-ups, especially if you have more than one sexual partner.
Resources and References
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
http://www.niaid.nih.gov/Pages/default.aspx
National HIV and STD Testing Resources
http://www.hivtest.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/
American Sexual Health Association
http://www.ashastd.org
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/vaccines/hpv-vaccine.html
Hepatitis B Vaccine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginf/meds/a607014.html
Hepatitis C FAQs for Health Professionals
http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/HCV/HCVfaq.htm
AASLD/IDSA, Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating Hepatitis C
http://www.hcvguidelines.org
Genital Herpes—CDC Fact Sheet
http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/stdfact-herpes.htm
Gynecologic problems: Genital herpes
http://www.acog.org/~/media/For%20Patients/faq054.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20120718T1711285085 (PDF – 640 KB)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Syphilis
http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/bv/
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Trichomoniasis
http://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): Vaccine-preventable STDs http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/2010/vaccine.htm#a1
Understanding, Treating and Preventing STDs
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/fall08/articles/fall08pg18-19.html
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Fact Sheet
http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/sexually-transmitted-infections.html
Sexually transmitted disease surveillance
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats11/Surv2011.pdf (PDF – 4.91 MB)
Facts about vaginitis and vaginal infections. http://www.idph.state.il.us/about/womenshealth/factsheets/vag.htm
Genital Herpes
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000857.htm
HIV and pregnancy
http://www.acog.org/~/media/For%20Patients/faq113.pdf?dmc=1&ts=20120711T1503446877
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. HIV-1
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
Panel on Treatment of HIV-Infected Pregnant Women
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/PerinatalGL.pdf (PDF – 4.66 MB)